Decode and Deliver: Acronyms Every Integration Pro Should Know

The world of Industrial Automation, Custom Machine Integration, and Advanced Manufacturing is filled with acronyms—many of which are essential to understanding systems, components, and processes. From PLCs to HMIs and everything in between, these terms are part of everyday conversations in engineering and operations—but they’re not always intuitive. To support engineers, technicians, and industry professionals, we’ve compiled a concise reference guide to the most commonly used automation and manufacturing acronyms every integration pro should know.

Acronym	What It Stands For	Industry Definition	LIVEs Take On It
6σ or 6S	Six Sigma	A set of techniques and tools for process improvement, often used to reduce defects. Six Sigma was first introduced by American engineer Bill Smith while working at Motorola in 1986.	Six Sigma is great… until you realize it just means another belt color and endless “Define/Measure/Analyze” meetings about why the conveyor jammed again.
AGV	Automated Guided Vehicle	A driverless machine that moves materials around warehouses, factories, and other facilities. AGVs can perform repetitive tasks like transporting goods, stacking loads, and picking orders.	Like a robotic Roomba for pallets—until someone abandons a load in its path and it turns into a 2,000 lb statue.
AI	Artificial Intelligence	A technology that allows computers to perform tasks that usually require human intelligence. It's a broad field that combines computer science, mathematics, cognitive science, and statistics.	Smart enough to optimize a recipe but still can’t figure out your hand‐drawn ladder logic. We’ll keep our engineers, thanks.
ALM	Asset Lifecycle Management	A process that involves conceiving, developing, deploying, managing, maintaining, and retiring software applications	Sounds comprehensive—until you realize the “retire” step gets skipped and you’ve got a 15-year-old SCADA server on life support.
API	Application Programming Interface	APIs are considered the foundation of modern technology and business infrastructure. APIs define the standards and protocols that enable different software applications to communicate with each other.	The reason your MES talks to your ERP… or the reason everyone points fingers when it suddenly stops.
APM	Asset Performance Management	A process that uses software to track and analyze an application's performance. APM helps businesses ensure that their applications are available, perform well, and provide a good user experience.	Fancy dashboards that tell your maintenance tech exactly what they already hear through the pipes.
AR	Augmented Reality	A technology that combines computer-generated information with the real world, creating an interactive experience that enhances the user's perception of reality.	Great for visualizing your panel layout—until your headset dies and you have to read the 10-year-old wiring labels.
ARO	After Receipt of Order	ARO stands for After Receipt of Order and further helps to clarify delivery and payment terms by specifically stating when the payment timeline begins	The moment the clock starts… but doesn’t guarantee your parts will actually ship before lunch.
B2B	Business-to-Business	The exchange of products, services, or information between businesses.	Where every PO needs three signatures, a magic wand, and sometimes a bribe (just kidding… mostly).
B2C	Business-to-Consumer	A business model where companies sell products or services directly to consumers (the individual vs another business).	Not our world—unless you count the guy who texts you at 2 AM because his soda machine PLC crashed.
BOM	Bill of Materials	A comprehensive list of raw materials, sub-assemblies, components, and parts needed to manufacture a product	More than a parts list—it’s a scavenger hunt for that one “M4 x 0.7 cap screw” you ordered last fall.
CAD	Computer-Aided Design	A tool that helps engineers and developers create and view designs on a computer screen. Software used for creating precision drawings or technical illustrations in product design.	Turns napkin sketches into something your fabricator still questions in the morning.
CAE	Computer-aided Engineering	The use of software to improve product design and engineering	Because running FEA on your bracket before installation is cheaper than a mid-shift meltdown.
CAM	Computer-Aided Manufacturing	The use of software to control machine tools and automate manufacturing processes.	The reason your CNC knows your part program—but not why the end mill is wearing out already.
CAMS	Complex Assembly Manufacturing Solution	Refers to a software system, primarily associated with SAP, designed to manage and control intricate manufacturing processes involving complex assemblies, often used in industries like aerospace and defense, where products consist of numerous components with tight tolerances and intricate assembly procedures; essentially, it provides tools to plan, track, and monitor every step of a complex assembly process on the shop floor, from material management to quality control.	Fancy ERP speak for “we’ve got a billion-part airplane wing to track.”
CAN	Controller Area Network	A robust vehicle bus standard designed to facilitate communication among various in-vehicle systems without a host computer.	The vehicle network that works—until that single loose pin in the connector brings down your entire cell.
CAPA	Corrective and Preventive Actions	A process used to identify and fix problems, and prevent them from happening again. helps to improve processes, maintain product quality, and minimize defects.	Great on paper—until the next downtime hits and everyone forgets to close the last CAPA.
CARG	Compound Annual Growth Rate	A metric that shows the consistent annual growth rate of an investment or business metric over a specified period, assuming steady growth. In manufacturing and business analysis, CAGR helps compare performance trends, forecast future growth, and evaluate long-term investments.	Perfect metric—if your business only grew linearly and never had a pandemic or supply-chain hiccup.
CI	Continuous Improvement	A process of ongoingly improving products, services, or processes. It's a key strategy for businesses to stay competitive and innovative. Principals: - Focus on incremental improvements - Involve employees and use their ideas - Make process improvement customer-centric - Measure, monitor, and repeat - Connect process improvement initiatives to business objectives	AKA “find one small thing to tweak every week”—until you run out of tweaks and resort to buying better coffee.
CM	Change Management	A structured approach to planning, implementing, and monitoring changes within an organization. In manufacturing, Change Management ensures that process updates, technology upgrades, or organizational shifts are smoothly adopted with minimal disruption, maintaining productivity and quality throughout transitions.	More about getting everyone to actually agree and less about the cool new gadget you want on the line.
CMMS	Computerized Maintenance Management System	A software program that helps maintenance teams manage equipment and facilities. CMMS can help with scheduling, tracking, and reporting maintenance work orders	Fantastic—if you remember to log your tasks instead of scribbling them on a sticky note.
CMOs	Contract Manufacturing Organizations	A business that manufactures products on behalf of other companies.	Like outsourcing the heavy lifting—just hope they read your spec sheet.
CNC	Computer Numerical Control	A machine tool that is controlled by a computer program to perform precise manufacturing processes. They act as outsourced production partners, allowing companies to focus on other core functions like research, development, or marketing, while the CMO handles the manufacturing aspect.	The reason your lathe can cut to ±.001″—and the same reason you have tool-offset errors at 5 AM.
CoA	Certificate of Analysis	A document that verifies a product has passed laboratory testing and meets quality standards	Your paperwork proof—but not much use if someone mixed up the batch.
CoC	Certificate of Conformance	A document issued by a manufacturer or authorized entity that confirms a product meets specific quality standards, specifications, or regulatory requirements, essentially acting as proof that the product has been tested and complies with the prescribed criteria, allowing for smoother customs clearance and assuring buyers of the product's quality and safety; it is often required for international trade and can be mandatory depending on the product and importing country	Empty until you actually test the parts—or until customs holds your shipment for a month.
CoE	Center of Excellence	A dedicated team within an organization focused on a specific area of expertise, where they gather knowledge, develop best practices, and provide guidance and support to other departments, essentially acting as a hub for that particular skill set within the company, aiming to drive innovation and consistent high-quality performance across the organization.	The folks who actually know how that widget works—if you can book time with them.
COGS	Cost of Goods Sold	The total cost of producing or acquiring a company's products or services - a key metric for understanding a business's profitability and efficiency. COGS can often include expenses like Raw materials, Packaging, Direct labor, Sales commissions, Factory overhead, Storage costs, etc.	Includes everything except your lunch breaks… which we secretly wish we could bill.
CPwE	Converged Plant-wide Ethernet	A standardized blueprint for designing and deploying industrial network infrastructure in manufacturing facilities, combining operational technology (OT) and information technology (IT) networks onto a single, secure Ethernet backbone, allowing for efficient data exchange across the entire plant while ensuring scalability, reliability, and security	The network of the future—once you convince IT they can’t block every port.
CRM	Client Relationship Management	A system that helps businesses manage and improve their relationships with customers. CRM can include software, processes, and strategies. Helps businesses stay connected with customers, Streamlines business processes, Improves customer service and sales, Increases profitability, and Helps businesses identify new sales opportunities.	Great until every sales rep lives in Salesforce and forgets to actually call the customer.
CT	Cycle Time	The time it takes to complete a task or produce a unit from start to finish.	The number your customer obsesses over—and your mechanics quietly cheat on.
DCS	Distributed Control System	A control system where control elements are distributed throughout a system rather than being located in a centralized location.	Like a PLC with an ego, costing twice as much and requiring coffee breaks for the engineers.
DMAIC	Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control	A data-driven process improvement methodology used to improve products, designs, and processes. DMAIC is a core part of Lean Six Sigma, but it can also be used as a standalone quality improvement procedure	Great roadmap—if you have six months to just measure the first “D.”
DPPM	Defective Parts Per Million	A metric used to measure the quality of a product or process by counting the number of defects in a given number of parts. A standardized metric that allows companies to compare the quality of different products, batches, or industries. It's also used to determine a design's yield.	Because “one bad screw” sounds terrible next to “.0001% defect rate.”
EAM	Enterprise Asset Management	A combination of software, systems, and services that helps companies manage their physical assets	Tracks everything—except why your pump seized at 3 AM.
EBR	Electronic Batch Records	Digital tools that track and document all aspects of a batch manufacturing process, replacing traditional paper-based records. They offer benefits like improved data integrity, reduced errors, and enhanced compliance	Replaces paperwork—until someone can’t log in and you’re back to Post-Its.
ECO	Engineering Change Order	A formal document that outlines and authorizes changes to a product's design, components, or associated documentation. It's used to manage changes during a product's lifecycle and ensure that any proposed changes are reviewed, approved, and implemented in a controlled manner.	The dreaded form that slows down your project but saves you from building the wrong panel.
EHS	Environment, Health and Safety	A term used to describe all the measures a company takes to ensure a safe and healthy environment for its employees, customers, and the public, including complying with regulations and managing risk. Environment: This aspect focuses on protecting the natural environment from pollution, waste, and other harmful impacts Health: This refers to protecting the health of employees and the general public, including preventing exposure to harmful substances and ensuring proper ventilation and sanitation Safety: This aspect focuses on preventing accidents and injuries in the workplace and ensuring safe working conditions.	Mandatory until someone falls off a ladder holding a tablet.
EHS&S	Environment, Health, Safety and Sustainability	Refers to a comprehensive approach to managing environmental risks, ensuring employee health and safety, and promoting sustainable business practices. Environment: Protecting the environment by managing waste, reducing emissions, and conserving resources Health: Maintaining a safe and healthy workplace for employees, including addressing ergonomic risks, exposure to hazardous materials, and mental health Safety: Preventing accidents and injuries through safety training, incident investigation, and compliance with regulations Sustainability: Integrating environmental, social, and economic factors into decision-making to ensure long-term viability and responsibility	When “reduce, reuse, recycle” meets “we need that line running yesterday.”
EQMS	Enterprise Quality Management Software	A comprehensive system that helps organizations manage and streamline their quality processes across the entire enterprise. It integrates quality management functions, enabling collaboration, communication, and automation to ensure product quality, regulatory compliance, and continuous improvement.	The single source of truth—if you actually enter your inspection data on time.
ERM	Enterprise Risk Management	A framework that organizations use to identify, assess, and manage potential risks that could impact their ability to achieve their strategic goals. helps organizations identify potential risks across all areas of the business, including strategic, operational, financial, and compliance risks	When you need one more PowerPoint to justify fixing the leaky pipe in the control room.
ERP	Enterprise Resource Planning	A software solution that integrates various business processes like finance, HR, manufacturing, and supply chain, all within a single platform. It acts as a central nervous system for an organization, streamlining operations, improving collaboration, and providing a single source of truth for data. connect different departments and processes, eliminating data silos and enabling a seamless flow of information	The “one ring to rule them all”—except when modules don’t talk and you need three consultants to fix it.
Ethernet/IP	Ethernet Industrial Protocol	A network protocol used in industrial automation for communication between control devices.	The only Ethernet your PLC will ever love—just don’t call it “office network.”
ETO	Engineer to Order	A manufacturing approach where a product is designed and built specifically to meet the unique requirements of a customer's order	Fun until you get a 47-page spec and zero drawings.
FAT	Factory Acceptance Test	A test conducted before shipping a system to ensure it functions as intended.	The day we hide all the duct tape, pray the solenoids fire, and hope the customer doesn’t press the “wrong” button.
FMS	Flexible Manufacturing System	A method for producing products with varying designs using computerized automation.	The dream—until changeover actually takes 3 hours and a swear jar full of curses.
FPY	First Pass Yield	A key performance indicator in manufacturing that measures the percentage of products that meet quality standards without needing rework or adjustments during the production process. Simply put, it is the percentage of items that pass through the manufacturing process on the first run without any defects.	A metric that makes your line look good—if you don’t count the 0.2% rework pile.
GRC	Governance, Risk, and Compliance	A strategic organizational approach that ensures the enterprise is well-governed, understands and manages its risks, and complies with relevant regulations in a coordinated and integrated manner.	Corporate paperwork ninja training—because “just work” isn’t enough in today's world.
GUI	Graphical User Interface		Makes your HMI look slick—until someone double-clicks the wrong icon and crashes the recipe.
HMI	Human-Machine Interface	The user interface that allows operators to interact with machines or processes.	The only place operators get to play Minecraft on the plant floor—until they freeze it.
ICS	Industrial Control System	A system composed of hardware and software, including devices, networks, and control systems, used to monitor, control, automate, and regulate industrial processes.	The backbone of your plant—until it’s a firewall away from the internet.
IEM	Industrial Energy Management	A comprehensive approach to tracking, analyzing, and improving energy use within an industrial facility. This involves optimizing energy consumption across various aspects of the facility, including machinery, equipment, lighting, and HVAC systems. This approach can help identify areas where energy use can be reduced or made more efficient to lower costs and potentially improve sustainability.	Saves you megawatts—but rarely megadollars, since nobody ever acts on the reports.
IoT	Internet of Things	A network of physical objects, "things," embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies to connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the internet. These devices collect data and transmit it for analysis and action.	Everybody’s talking about IoT—until those “smart” sensors lose Wi-Fi and go mute.
IIoT	Industrial Internet of Things	Refers to the application of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in industrial settings, connecting devices and systems to collect and analyze data for improved efficiency and decision-making. It involves interconnected devices like sensors, actuators, and machinery that exchange data to enable real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and automation	The digital twin concept—great if your plant has reliable internet and no random reboot cycles.
I/O	Input/Output	refers to the communication between a computer system and the outside world—whether that’s a human operator, another machine, or a sensor. In manufacturing environments, I/O can describe the transfer of data between controllers and equipment, such as sending commands to a motor (output) or receiving signals from a sensor (input). Efficient I/O management is critical for real-time automation and process control.	Every bit and byte that makes or breaks your real-time control… and usually the first thing to go wonky.
IoT	Internet of Things	The network of physical objects embedded with sensors and software to exchange data.	Everybody’s talking about IoT—until those “smart” sensors lose Wi-Fi and go mute.
IRM	Intelligent Risk Management	A proactive, data-driven approach to identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks within complex systems or operations. Unlike traditional risk management, IRM leverages technologies like AI, analytics, and real-time monitoring to adapt quickly to emerging threats or inefficiencies. In manufacturing, IRM can help ensure operational continuity, regulatory compliance, and improved decision-making across the production lifecycle.	Buzzword bingo—until it actually prevents your SCADA database from corrupting.
ISA	International Society of Automation	a professional organization dedicated to advancing technical competence in the field of automation. ISA develops widely adopted standards, provides certification and training, and fosters collaboration across industries that rely on control systems and instrumentation. For manufacturing professionals, ISA is a key resource for staying current with best practices and innovations in industrial automation.	The place to learn “what you should have done” after your plant has already crashed.
ISO	International Standards Organization	An independent, non-governmental body that develops and publishes international standards across a wide range of industries. ISO standards help ensure quality, safety, efficiency, and interoperability in products, services, and systems. In manufacturing, adherence to ISO standards (such as ISO 9001 for quality management) is often critical for regulatory compliance, global trade, and customer trust.	Great for consistency—until someone audits your sticker inventory and finds one missing.
IT	Information Technology	IT encompasses the use of computers, networks, software, and infrastructure to manage and process data. In manufacturing, IT plays a crucial role in areas like enterprise resource planning (ERP), cybersecurity, data analytics, and digital transformation. Effective IT integration supports smarter decision-making, improves operational efficiency, and enhances connectivity across production systems.	The folks who think “Ctrl+Alt+Delete” fixes everything—mostly right, sometimes tragically wrong.
KPI	Key Performance Indicator	A measurable value that demonstrates how effectively an individual, team, or organization is achieving a business objective.	The dashboard stars—until you realize you forgot to count unscheduled downtime.
LIMS	Laboratory Information Management System		Saves your chemists from Excel hell—if they ever bother to scan their barcodes.
LLM	Large Language Model	An advanced type of artificial intelligence trained on massive amounts of text data to understand and generate human-like language. LLMs can perform a variety of language-based tasks such as answering questions, summarizing documents, generating reports, or even assisting with code development. In manufacturing, LLMs are increasingly being used to support knowledge management, automate documentation, and enhance communication across technical and operational teams.	Good for drafting SOPs—just don’t trust it to catch every regulatory nuance.
LMS	Learning Management System	A software platform used to deliver, track, and manage training and educational programs. In manufacturing settings, LMS platforms are commonly used for onboarding, compliance training, skill development, and safety certifications. They help standardize knowledge delivery, ensure regulatory compliance, and support workforce development across diverse roles and locations.	Where everybody’s “training complete” status is due… tomorrow.
LOTO	Lockout/Tagout	A safety procedure used in industrial settings to ensure that machines are properly shut off and not able to be started up again before maintenance or repair.	The one acronym you ignore at your peril—nothing says “respect danger” like a red tag on the breaker.
M2M	Machine-to-Machine	Communication between machines, typically using the Internet of Things (IoT).	When your PLC texts your VFD… until someone changes the baud rate.
MCO	Manufacturing Change Order	A formal document used to request and implement changes to manufacturing processes, materials, or product designs. It ensures that modifications are reviewed, approved, and communicated across relevant departments to maintain consistency and compliance. MCOs help control revisions and support traceability in dynamic production environments.	The sibling of ECO—never urgent until it’s your line down at 4:59 PM on Friday.
MES	Manufacturing Execution System	A software system used to track and monitor the work-in-progress on a factory floor and reduce the time it takes to produce an order.	Like a babysitter for your machines—watching every move, tattling on every bypass.
MOM	Manufacturing Operations Management	Refers to the systems and processes that oversee, coordinate, and optimize production activities on the factory floor. MOM integrates functions such as scheduling, quality management, inventory control, and performance analysis to ensure efficient and consistent manufacturing output. By providing real-time visibility and control, MOM helps manufacturers improve productivity, reduce downtime, and meet customer demands effectively.	The overlord of MES, quality, scheduling—and occasional reason for IT to roll their eyes.
	Modbus	An Industrial Automation communication protocol widely used for connecting industrial electronic devices that enable devices like sensors, controllers, and PLCs to exchange data over serial or network connections. Modbus facilitates seamless interoperability between diverse devices, supporting real-time monitoring and control.
MRO	Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul Or Maintenance, Repair, and Operations	Refers to the activities and resources involved in maintaining and repairing equipment to ensure continuous, efficient operation. In manufacturing, it can mean Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul, focusing on servicing machinery and extending its lifecycle, or Maintenance, Repair, and Operations, which includes the broader supply of materials and tools needed to keep production running smoothly. Effective MRO practices reduce downtime and improve overall asset reliability.	What keeps you running—or what breaks the bank when you’re ordering last-minute bearings.
MRP	Material Requirements Planning	A system used to manage manufacturing inventory, production scheduling, and procurement. It calculates the materials and components needed to meet production goals, ensuring that the right quantities are available at the right time. MRP helps reduce inventory costs, prevent shortages, and streamline the manufacturing process.	Could have saved you a late-night parts run—if you’d entered your forecast correctly.
MDS	Minimum Data Set	A standardized collection of essential information used to assess, monitor, and manage specific processes or systems. In manufacturing or technical environments, MDS typically refers to the core set of data required to ensure consistent quality control, regulatory compliance, or operational tracking. By focusing on key metrics, MDS enables efficient decision-making and performance evaluation.	The bare minimum—usually still too much paperwork for a Friday.
MTO	Make-to-Order	A manufacturing approach where production starts only after a customer’s order is received. This method reduces inventory costs and allows for customized products, but may lead to longer delivery times compared to make-to-stock models. MTO is ideal for industries where flexibility and personalization are important.	Perfect for customization—terrible for meeting next-day delivery promises.
NPI	New Product Introduction	The process of bringing a new product from concept through design, development, and manufacturing to market launch. It involves cross-functional coordination to ensure quality, cost-effectiveness, and timely delivery. In manufacturing, effective NPI helps reduce time-to-market and minimizes production risks.	Exciting until your BOM isn’t built and your FAT is next week.
OEE	Overall Equipment Effectiveness	a set of metrics that evaluate how well a manufacturing operation is performing	The holy trinity of KPIs—looks fantastic unless you missed your planned downtime.
OEM	Original Equipment Manufacturer	A company that manufactures products or components that are used in another company's final product.	The folks you blame when the replacement part arrives two weeks late.
OpEx	Operational Excellence	A management philosophy focused on continuously improving performance, efficiency, and quality across all areas of an organization. In manufacturing, OpEx involves optimizing processes, empowering employees, and eliminating waste to deliver consistent value to customers. It often leverages methodologies like Lean, Six Sigma, and Kaizen.	Buzzword for “don’t waste anything”… including your morning coffee run.
OPC	Openness, Productivity, and Connectivity	Refers to a family of standards that enable secure and reliable data exchange in industrial automation systems. Originally developed as “OLE for Process Control,” OPC has evolved to support interoperability between diverse hardware and software platforms. By facilitating seamless communication across devices and systems, OPC enhances real-time visibility, productivity, and integration in manufacturing environments.	Fancy acronym so your DCS can gossip with your ERP—when it’s not locked behind a certificate error.
ORM	Operational Risk Management	A structured approach to identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks that could impact day-to-day operations. In manufacturing, ORM focuses on minimizing the likelihood and consequences of equipment failures, process deviations, safety incidents, and supply chain disruptions. A strong ORM framework helps ensure operational continuity, regulatory compliance, and workplace safety.	Like wearing a helmet in the lab—wise, until you trip over your own safety goggles.
OSHA	Occupational Safety and Health Administration	U.S. government agency that regulates workplace safety and health.	The reason your boss insists on that fifth “safety moment” in the morning huddle.
OT	Operational Technology	Refers to the hardware and software systems that monitor and control industrial equipment, processes, and infrastructure. Unlike IT, which manages data and business systems, OT is focused on real-time operations such as robotics, SCADA systems, and PLCs. In manufacturing, OT is critical for ensuring efficiency, safety, and uptime on the production floor.	The real-time world your PLCs live in—just don’t let IT treat it like their email server.
OTD	On-time Delivery	A key performance metric that measures the percentage of customer orders delivered by the promised date. It reflects a company’s ability to meet delivery commitments and is closely tied to production scheduling, supply chain efficiency, and inventory management. High OTD rates are essential for maintaining customer satisfaction and operational reliability in manufacturing.	Great for impressing customers—if you ignore that one “urgent” order that slipped through.
PAC	Process/Programmable Automation Controller	An industrial control system that combines the functionality of a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) with the flexibility and processing power of a computer. PACs are used to control complex manufacturing processes, offering capabilities like multi-domain control, data handling, and integration with IT and OT systems. They are ideal for applications requiring scalability, advanced diagnostics, and real-time performance across distributed systems.	The Swiss Army knife of controllers—versatile but often overkill for a simple pump start.
PaaS	Platform-as-a-Service	A cloud computing model that provides developers with a ready-to-use environment for building, testing, and deploying applications without managing the underlying infrastructure. In manufacturing, PaaS can support smart factory initiatives by enabling rapid development of custom applications for data analytics, equipment monitoring, or supply chain integration. It accelerates innovation while reducing the cost and complexity of software deployment.	Rapid deployment—until your VPN connection drops mid-upload.
PDCA	Plan, Do, Check, Act	A continuous improvement cycle used to systematically solve problems and improve processes. It involves four key steps: · Plan (identify a goal or process improvement), · Do (implement the change), · Check (monitor and evaluate the results), · Act (standardize the successful change or adjust and try again). Widely used in manufacturing and quality management, PDCA supports a disciplined, data-driven approach to operational excellence.	The 4-step dance your Black Belt loves—until the “Check” uncovers yesterday’s blunder.
P&L	Profit and Loss	Refers to a financial statement that summarizes a company's revenues, costs, and expenses over a specific period. In manufacturing, the P&L helps assess profitability, monitor cost control, and guide strategic decisions by showing how operational performance impacts the bottom line.	The final scoreboard—where everyone pretends they knew margin erosion was coming.
PLC	Programmable Logic Controller	A ruggedized industrial computer used to automate machinery and processes on the factory floor. PLCs are designed for real-time control and are known for their reliability in harsh environments, handling tasks such as motion control, logic operations, and sequencing. They are a foundational element in manufacturing automation, enabling consistent and efficient production operations.	The plant’s heartbeat—if it flatlines, your inbox lights up at 2 AM.
PLM	Product Lifecycle Management	A strategic approach to managing a product’s development, from initial concept through design, manufacturing, service, and eventual retirement. PLM systems integrate people, data, processes, and business systems to streamline collaboration and maintain a single source of truth across the product’s lifecycle. In manufacturing, PLM enhances innovation, reduces time-to-market, and ensures product quality and compliance.	Keeps everyone aligned—until the marketing team changes the spec post-launch.
PM	Preventive Maintenance	Preventive Maintenance (PM) involves regularly scheduled inspections and servicing of equipment to prevent unexpected failures and extend asset life. By addressing wear and tear before issues arise, PM helps minimize downtime, reduce repair costs, and maintain consistent production quality. In manufacturing, effective PM programs are key to maintaining operational efficiency and safety.	The proactive needle poke that keeps your line running—just don’t skip too many.
QA	Quality Assurance	A process or set of processes used to measure and assure the quality of a product or service.	The people who catch your mistakes—usually right before shipping.
QC	Quality Control	A process used to ensure that a product meets specified quality standards before it is released.	The gatekeepers of rework—armed with calipers and a “this won’t pass” frown.
QMS	Quality Management System	A structured framework of policies, processes, and procedures aimed at ensuring products and services consistently meet customer and regulatory requirements. In manufacturing, a QMS helps monitor quality at every stage of production, driving continuous improvement, reducing defects, and enhancing customer satisfaction.	Your “single source of truth”—if you can convince everyone to actually follow it.
PROFINET	Process Field Net	An industrial Ethernet standard used for automation in industrial systems.	High-speed plant network—perfect until you cross it with your office LAN by accident.
R&D	Research and Development	Refers to the activities companies undertake to innovate and create new products, processes, or technologies. In manufacturing, R&D drives improvements in materials, design, and production methods, helping businesses stay competitive and meet evolving market demands. Effective R&D efforts can lead to breakthroughs that improve quality, reduce costs, and open new markets.	Fun until your prototype leaks oil at the customer site.
RCA	Root Cause Analysis	A systematic method used to identify the fundamental cause of a problem or failure. By digging beyond symptoms, RCA helps teams implement effective corrective actions to prevent recurrence. In manufacturing, RCA is essential for improving quality, reducing downtime, and enhancing overall process reliability.	Like detective work for engineers—magnifying glass optional, coffee mandatory.
RCFA	Root Case Failure Analysis	A detailed investigation process focused on identifying the underlying reasons for equipment or process failures. By pinpointing the exact failure causes, RCFA helps manufacturers develop targeted solutions to prevent future breakdowns and improve asset reliability. It is a critical practice for minimizing downtime and optimizing maintenance strategies.	The sequel to RCA—because sometimes the first round only cracks the surface.
RFI	Request for Information	A formal process used to gather detailed information from suppliers or vendors about products, services, or capabilities. In manufacturing, RFIs help clarify technical requirements, assess potential solutions, and support informed decision-making early in the procurement or project planning stages. They are often the first step before issuing more detailed Requests for Proposal (RFP) or Quotes (RFQ).	The polite way of saying “tell us everything you have”—then waiting three weeks for a PDF.
RFID	Radio Frequency Identification	A technology that uses radio waves to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. In manufacturing, RFID is widely used for inventory management, asset tracking, and supply chain visibility, enabling faster, more accurate data collection without direct line-of-sight scanning. This enhances operational efficiency and reduces errors in production and logistics.	Hands-free scanning—until you wave the pallet and it reads your phone instead.
RFP	Request for Proposal	A formal document issued by an organization to solicit detailed bids from suppliers or contractors for products or services. In manufacturing, RFPs help clearly define project requirements, evaluation criteria, and timelines, enabling companies to compare offerings and select the best fit for their needs. The RFP process ensures transparency and competitiveness in procurement.	The 50-page novel that everyone skim-reads—and then asks follow-up questions anyway.
RFQ	Request for Quote	A document sent to suppliers asking for pricing and terms on specific products or services. In manufacturing, RFQs are used when the requirements are well-defined, allowing companies to quickly compare costs and delivery options to support purchasing decisions. This process helps ensure competitive pricing and timely procurement.	The streamlined RFP—but still somehow takes a month to get three numbers.
ROI	Return on Investment	A financial metric used to evaluate the profitability of an investment by comparing the gain or benefit to its cost. In manufacturing, ROI helps assess the value of capital expenditures, process improvements, or technology upgrades, guiding decision-making to maximize efficiency and profitability.	The board’s favorite KPI—until you explain that “payback” takes 4 years for a new robot.
RPA	Robotic Process Automation	Robotic Process Automation (RPA) uses software robots to automate repetitive, rule-based tasks typically performed by humans. In manufacturing, RPA can streamline administrative processes like order entry, invoicing, and inventory management, freeing up staff to focus on higher-value activities. This technology improves accuracy, reduces costs, and accelerates workflow efficiency.	Great for invoices and data entry—just don’t send them into the plant without PPE.
RTU	Remote Terminal Unit	A microprocessor-based device used in industrial control systems to monitor and control equipment at remote locations. RTUs collect data from sensors and send control commands over communication networks, enabling centralized management of distributed assets. In manufacturing and utilities, RTUs play a key role in real-time monitoring, automation, and system reliability.	Your field eyes and ears—unless it’s installed in a spot with no cell coverage.
SaaS	Software-as-a-Service	A cloud-based software delivery model where applications are hosted online and accessed via the internet. In manufacturing, SaaS solutions provide flexible, scalable tools for functions like ERP, data analytics, and collaboration without the need for on-premises infrastructure. This model reduces upfront costs and simplifies software maintenance and updates.	Quick to deploy—until your internet hiccups and every operator suddenly can’t log in.
SAT	Site Acceptance Test	A test conducted at the installation site to verify system performance in its operational environment.	The dress rehearsal—where the real show often starts an hour late.
SCADA	Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition	A system used to monitor and control industrial processes in real-time.	The all-seeing eye of your plant—unless someone disables that one tag to speed things up.
SCAR	Supplier Corrective Action Report	A formal document used to address and resolve quality issues caused by a supplier. It outlines the problem, root cause, corrective actions taken, and preventive measures to avoid recurrence. In manufacturing, SCARs are essential for maintaining supplier accountability and ensuring product quality and compliance.	The official “please stop shipping us bad parts” form—often accompanied by many follow-ups.
SCM	Supply Chain Management	Supply Chain Management (SCM) involves coordinating and optimizing the flow of materials, information, and finances from suppliers to end customers. In manufacturing, effective SCM ensures timely delivery of raw materials, efficient production scheduling, and smooth distribution, helping reduce costs and improve customer satisfaction. It plays a vital role in managing risks and enhancing overall operational agility.	The art of promising tomorrow’s delivery with yesterday’s inventory.
SOP	Standard Operating Procedure	A documented set of step-by-step instructions designed to ensure consistent and efficient execution of specific tasks. In manufacturing, SOPs help maintain quality, safety, and compliance by providing clear guidelines for routine operations, equipment use, and process control. They are critical for training, audits, and continuous improvement.	Great for audits—often ignored when the line is down at 5 PM.
SPC	Statistical Process Control	A quality control method that uses statistical techniques to monitor and control manufacturing processes. By analyzing data from production in real time, SPC helps detect variability, identify trends, and prevent defects before they occur. This ensures consistent product quality and supports continuous improvement efforts.	A data nerd’s dream—until the control chart explodes in red X’s and everyone panics.
SQM	Supplier Quality Management	The process of ensuring that suppliers consistently meet quality standards and deliver products or materials that comply with specifications. SQM involves evaluation, monitoring, and collaboration with suppliers to reduce defects, improve reliability, and support overall manufacturing quality. Strong SQM is essential for maintaining supply chain integrity and product excellence.	Because blaming your own line is bad PR—better to blame the guy who made the part.
T&M	Time and Materials	A pricing model where a client pays for the actual time spent and materials used to complete a project or service. In manufacturing and engineering services, T&M contracts are often used when the scope of work is not clearly defined, offering flexibility but requiring close tracking to manage costs effectively.	Flexible for the client—scary for your project manager tracking every minute.
TPM	Total Productive Maintenance	A holistic approach to equipment maintenance that involves all employees to maximize machine uptime and efficiency. TPM focuses on proactive and preventive maintenance, operator involvement, and continuous improvement to reduce breakdowns, defects, and accidents. In manufacturing, TPM helps boost productivity, extend asset life, and create a culture of shared responsibility.	Everyone’s job—until “operator‐led maintenance” really means “please don’t break it again.”
TTM	Time to Market	The duration it takes to develop a product from initial concept to availability for sale. In manufacturing, reducing TTM is crucial for gaining competitive advantage, responding to customer needs quickly, and capturing market opportunities.	The race you lose when your prototype falls apart at the expo.
UI	User Interface	Refers to the visual and interactive elements through which a user interacts with a system or device. In manufacturing systems, well-designed UIs enhance usability and efficiency for operators controlling machinery or software applications.	The buttons your operators actually see—just don’t let them customize the color scheme.
UX	User Experience	User Experience (UX) encompasses the overall feelings and satisfaction a user has when interacting with a product or system. Good UX design in manufacturing tools and software improves operator performance, reduces errors, and increases adoption of new technologies.	Good UX means fewer calls to your support desk at 2 AM.
VFD	Variable Frequency Drive	A type of motor controller that adjusts the speed of an electric motor by varying the frequency of its power supply.	The culprit when your conveyor runs backwards—or when it hums like a UFO.
VR	Virtual Reality	A technology that creates immersive, computer-generated environments that users can interact with in real time. In manufacturing, VR is used for training, design visualization, and process simulation to improve safety, efficiency, and innovation.	Great for safety training—less great when someone trips over a real pipe.
WCM	World-Class Manufacturing	A comprehensive set of principles, practices, and methodologies aimed at achieving the highest standards of production efficiency, quality, and continuous improvement. It integrates lean manufacturing, total quality management, and employee involvement to eliminate waste, reduce costs, and enhance competitiveness. WCM serves as a benchmark for operational excellence in global manufacturing.	The gold standard—expect a trophy if you can actually sustain it past month two.
WI	Work Instruction	A detailed, step-by-step guide that explains how to perform a specific task or operation. WIs help ensure consistency, quality, and safety by providing clear instructions to operators on the manufacturing floor.	The paper trail you reference when someone says “nobody told me how to do this.”
WIP	Work in Progress	Refers to materials and components that are currently being processed but are not yet finished products. Managing WIP effectively is essential for optimizing production flow, reducing lead times, and controlling inventory costs.	The pile that keeps growing until someone asks “why is the floor covered in cardboard?”
WO	Work Order	A formal authorization or instruction to perform a specific task, such as maintenance, production, or repair. In manufacturing, WOs help organize, prioritize, and track work activities to ensure timely completion and accountability.	Your to-do list—until you lose the yellow copy and the tech just improvises.

Is something missing? Share it in the comments. If it’s widely used in automation, controls, or manufacturing, we’ll update this list to better serve the Live Automation community and the industries we work in.

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